The Role of the MBG Program in Strengthening National Food Security Systems

Food security remains a strategic issue in Indonesia’s national development agenda because it is closely related to nutritional quality, human capital development, and regional economic resilience. The implementation of the Free Nutritious Meal Program (Program Makan Bergizi Gratis/MBG) represents one of the government’s policy interventions aimed at improving nutritional intake while strengthening the national food security system. This study aims to analyze the role of the MBG program in strengthening food security through the dimensions of food availability, food access, food utilization, and food stability in East Java Province. The study employed a qualitative descriptive approach using a case study design at three different regional typologies: SPPG Bulak Surabaya (urban area), SPPG Tosari Pasuruan (remote area), and SPPG Magetan (moderate area). Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, field observations, questionnaires, and document analysis involving government officials, farmers, MSMEs, food distributors, and economic experts. Data analysis was conducted using content analysis and thematic analysis supported by triangulation techniques to ensure research trustworthiness.  The findings reveal that the MBG program contributes significantly to strengthening food security across all dimensions. In the food availability dimension, MBG is supported by stable regional supply systems, local agricultural production, and active food reserve mechanisms. In terms of food access, the program improves access to nutritious food, reduces household food expenditure, and strengthens local economic activities through increased involvement of farmers and MSMEs. In the food utilization dimension, MBG improves dietary quality, nutritional adequacy, food safety, and student health conditions. Meanwhile, in the food stability dimension, the program demonstrates relatively strong resilience through stable supply chains, price stability, and adaptive local food reserve systems. The study concludes that MBG functions not only as a nutritional assistance program but also as an integrated policy instrument capable of supporting food security and regional economic development simultaneously.